[50] 参见Patrick Dewes Hannan,“The Early Chinese Short Story:A Critical Theory in Outline”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.27,1967.也可参见Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,pp.299-338.
[51] Hsia Chih-ching,“The Military Romance:A Genre of Chinese Fiction”,Translated from Ch’un wen-hsüeh(台北),Vol.3,No.13,1968.原以中文发表,后译成英文,刊于白之所编《中国文类研究》中。
[52] Y.W.Ma,“The Chinese Historical Novel:An Outline of Themes and Contexts”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.34,No.2,1975.
[53] 参见William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“ A Structural Reading of the Chuan in the Weng-yüan Ying-hua”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.36,No.3,1977,pp.443-456.可参见[美]倪豪士:《传记与小说:唐代文学比较论集》,北京,中华书局,2007。倪豪士认为,这些类码包括五个分项,即叙事法(narration)、模子(mode)、风格(style)、结构(structure)、意涵(meaning)。按,由于笼统的中国“小说”中类别名称的确立有较大的随机性,因此重新立名的建议也有一定的合理性。
[54] 参见Anthony-C.Yu,“History,Fiction and the Reading of Chinese Narrative”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Article,Review,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988.
[55] Victor H.Mair,The Columbia History of Chinese Literature,Columbia University Press,2001.第一章为“原基”(foundations),此后依诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧四门类排列,终章为通俗文学。
[56] 关于“文体”这一概念在与“文类”这一概念相比时的不足,孙康宜、宇文所安等人都有讨论,参见[美]孙康宜:《词与文类研究》,2页;[美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,3页。另,国内学者周发祥也有辨析,并认为以后最好不要用文体这样含糊不清的词语。参见周发祥:《西方文论与中国文学》,286~288页,南京,江苏教育出版社,1997。
[57] 陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,沈阳,辽宁教育出版社,1998。该集收入了集中论述抒情传统的三篇论文,即《中国的抒情传统》(1971)、《中国诗字之原始观念试论》(1959)、《原兴:兼论中国文学特质》(1969)。但是,仍有些论述同一主题的英文原作并未辑入。
[58] 这一在20世纪50年代之后甚为流行的“新古典主义”,也称“芝加哥学派”,最初即以亚里士多德的三分法(戏剧、史诗与抒情诗)为其文类理论展开之起点。参见R.S.Crane,The Languages of Criticism and the structure of Poetry,University of Toronto Press,1953.需要指出,陈世骧理论的西方渊源一直为学术界所忽视,反而更多地是被连接到中国的新文学传统中,故至少从理论缘起上看,有些瞄错了靶心。
[59] James J.Y.Liu,“Lyrics of Liu Yung ”,Tamkang Review,Vol.1,No.2,1971.
[60] James J.Y.Liu,Major Lyricists of the Northern Sung,Princeton University,1974.
[61] James J.Y.Liu,“Some Literary Qualities of the Lyric Tz’u”,Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,pp.133-153.
[62] [美]高友工:《美典:中国文学研究论集》,83页。
[63] Shuen-fu Lin,The Transformation of the Chinese Lyrical Tradition:Chiang K’uei and Southern Sung Tz’u Poetry,Princeton University Press,1978.
[64] 宇文所安早期所撰《中国古典诗歌与诗学:世界的征兆》一书,讨论中国诗所使用的概念也集中在“Lyric”上。参见Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,The University of Wisconsin Press,1985.
[65] Daniel Bryant,Lyric Poet of Southern T’ang:Feng Yen-ssu,903-960 and Li Yu 937-978,Vancouber University of British Columbia Press,1982.较晚的著述还可参见David R.McCraw,Chinese Lyricists of the Seventeenth Century,University of Hawai‘i Press,1990.
[66] Kang-i Sun Chang,Six Dynasties Poetry,Princeton University Press,1986.
[67] Craig Fisk,“Literary Criticism”,William H.Nienhauser,Jr.(ed.),The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature,Indiana University Press,1986,p.52.
[68] 参见Pauline Yu,“Alienation Effects:Comparative Literature and the Chinese Tradition”,Clayton Koelb and Susan Noakes(eds.),The Comparative Perspective on Literature,Cornell University,1988.更详细的论述可参见其The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition .
[69] Pauline Yu(ed.),Voice of the Song Lyric in China,University of California Press,1994.其中也收入余宝琳《宋代抒情词及其经典》(Song Lyrics and the Canon:A Look at Anthologies of Tz’u)一文。
[70] 参见Cecile Chu-chin Sun,Pearl from the Dragon’s Mouth:Evocation of Feeling and Scene in Chinese Poetry,Center for Chinese Studies,the University of Michigan,1995;“Comparing Chinese and English Lyrics:The Correlative Mode of Presentation”,Tamkang Review,Vol.14,No.1,2,3,4,1983.
[71] 较早的论述参见Yu-kung Kao,“Lyric Vision in Chinese Narrative:A Reading of Huang-lou Meng and Ju-lin Wai-shi”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays.此文最初是为1974年在普林斯顿大学召开的“中国叙事理论”会议准备的稿件。
[72] 参见Archibald Macleish,Poetry and Experience,Boston,Houghton Mifflin Company,1960,p.7.
[73] William McNaughton,“The Composite Images:Shy Jing Poetics ”,Journal of the American Oriental Society,Vol.83,No.1,1963.此后,该文被编入麦克诺顿的论集《诗经》(The Book of Songs,New York,Twayne Publishers,1971)。
[74] 更详尽的介述参见任增强的博士学位论文《何为汉诗?——英美汉学家眼中的中国诗性》,第三章第四节,北京,北京语言大学,2011。
[75] 关于对此看法的一种纠正性研究,也可参见Zong-qi Cai,Configurations of Comparative Poetics:Three Perspectives on Western and Chinese Literary Criticism,University of Hawai‘i Press,2002.
[76] 参见James J.Y.Liu,The Art of Chinese Poetry,Part I,Chapter3,“Auditory Effects of Chinese and The Bases of Versification”,pp.20-38;Part Ⅲ,Chapter 4,“Antithesis”,pp.146-150.
[77] 参见James J.Y.Liu,The Art of Chinese Poetry,Part Ⅲ,Chapter 2,“Imagery and Symbolism”,pp.101-130.
[78] “文化前设”概念的使用,参见Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,“Preface”,p.ix,x.差不多等于作者于他处所说的“cosmology”。
[79] [美]傅汉思:《梅花与宫闱佳丽》,“前言”,2页,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2010。
[80] “诗律”也是新批评研究的一个重点,如维姆萨特1972年出版的《诗律:主要语言类型》(Versification:Major Language Types),即收入傅汉思《古汉语》一文。
[81] [美]宇文所安:《初唐诗》,323页,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004。
[82] 对对应法更详细的论述,参见Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,Chapter 3,“An Uncreated Universe:Cosmogony,Concepts,and Couplets”,pp.78-107.此期汉学家对对应法之重要性的解释依据,也可追溯至从索绪尔至雅各布森、列维-施特劳斯、格雷马斯等结构主义者对“二元对立模式”的解释,他们均将之作为语言“结构”的一种基本构成法则。参见Terence Hawkes,Structuralism and Semiotics,University of California Press,1977.
[83] 参见[美]宇文所安:《盛唐诗》,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004。另,《初唐诗》附有《宫体诗的“语法”》《声律格式》二文。
[84] 参见[美]高友工:《美典:中国文学研究论集》,179~216页。
[85] 参见Yu-kung Kao and Tsu-Lin Mei,“Syntax,Diction,and Imagery in T’ang Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.31,1971,p.51.按,偏向于“肌理”研究的取径似与兰色姆的思想合拍,兰氏虽提出了“骨架—肌理”共同构成一首诗的本体,然却又以为诗歌表现能力主要体现在肌理而非骨架上。参见John Crowe Ransom,“Criticism as Pure Speculation”,Morton Dauwen Zabel(ed.),Literary Opinion in America,Essays Illustrating the Status,Methods,and Problems of Criticism in the United States in the Twentieth Century,New York,Harper & Brothers,1951.新批评其他成员并不赞同其说,故又有“有机整体”及张力关系等表述。几年后,高友工、梅祖麟的关注点也有所调整。
[86] 参见Yu-kung Kao and Tsu-Lin Mei,“Meaning,Metaphor,and Allusion in T’ang Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.38,No.2,1978.
[87] 关于永明时期梵文音韵对律诗声调确立的影响,最初是德庇时提到的。与高友工同时,梅祖麟、梅维恒等人也在着力研究,参见Tsu-Lin Mei,“Tones and Prosody in Middle Chinese and The Origin of The Rising Tone”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic StudiesVol.30,1970;Victor H.Mair and Tsu-Lin Mei,“The Sanskrit Origins of Recent Style Prosody”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studie s,Vol.51,No.2,1991.
[88] Yu-kung Kao,“The Aesthetics of ‘Regulated Verse’”,Lin Shuen-fu and Stephen Owen(eds.),The Vitality of the Lyric Voice:Shih Poetry from the Late Han to T’ang .也可参见[美]高友工:《律诗美学》,见乐黛云、陈珏:《北美中国古典文学研究名家十年文选》,78页,南京,江苏人民出版社,1996。
[89] Yu-kung Kao,“Chinese Lyric Aesthetics”,Words and Images:Chinese Poetry,Calligraphy,and Painting,p.72.
[90] 其实形式惯则与作品所表达的主题、蕴含与材料等之间关系,并非如此简单,依赖“内化”“对应”等概念仍是比较机械的解释。关于此问题的另一种,也是更为融洽的解说,可参童庆炳教授的“内容与形式相互征服”之论,参见童庆炳:《文体与文体的创造》,昆明,云南人民出版社,1994。
[91] 参见Andrew H.Plaks,“Where the Lines Meets:Parallelism in Chinese and Western Literature”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Review,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988,pp.43-60.
[92] 参见Journal of Chinese Linguistics,Vol.8,No.1,1980.
[93] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.271.
[94] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.272.
[95] Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,p.272.
[96] 参见Joel Elias Spingarn,“Foreword to Tsang-Lang Discourse on Poetry”,The Dial Magazine,Vol.73,No.3,1922,pp.272-273.
[97] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,New York,Bollingen Found Inc.,1951,p.92.
[98] 参见Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,Preface,pp.xii-xiii.
[99] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,pp.197-198.
[100] 理查兹的原话为:“The Western world could owe as much to this ‘axe grasped to cut an axe-handle’ as to any thing in its own tradition of literary criticism.”I.A.Richards,The Art of Letters,Forenote,p.x.
[101] 此类叙述贯穿全文,然我们也有必要注意,修中诚在概括中国诗学书写时所强调的“double-harness”的概念,即一种“双行式”的思维,在文类意义上表述时也可译作“骈文”;泛义上可指诗与科学、直觉与情感、东方与西方等的并行和融通。
[102] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters,p.88.
[103] 泛而论之,也可包括中西翻译理论中所呈示的比较研究。这方面比较有代表性的后期论著,可举例的有Eugene Chen Ouyang,The Transparent Eye:Reflection on Translation,Chinese Literature,and Comparative Poetics,University of Hawai‘i Press,1993.
[104] 据原书的封面,其中文书名实为“语言与诗”。参见James J.Y.Liu,Language-Paradox-Poetics:A Chinese Perspective,Princeton University Press,1988.
[105] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,72页。
[106] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,73页。
[107] Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,p.34.
[108] 隐喻的概念虽然也在此前被余宝琳、高友工等用以解释中国传统诗学,但是宇文所安以为,真正意义上的西方隐喻概念,或他所认定的隐喻概念,则主要是指一种整体性的隔层指涉,因此与模仿论有密切的关系。参见Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,pp.56-57,292-293.
[109] 参见Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,pp.78-82.
[110] 参见Stephen Owen,Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics:Omen of the World,p.62.
[111] 据余宝琳自述,在写作此书时,她并没有受到宇文所安上书的影响,因此可谓英雄所见略同。她也提到,本书的立论更多是建立在自己20世纪80年代初所发表的两篇论文的基础上,即“Metaphor and Chinese Poetry”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Article,Review,3.2,July,1981;“Allegory,Allegoresis,and the Classic of Poetry”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,43.2,Dec.,1983.
[112] 参见Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,p.32.
[113] 参见Pauline Yu,The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition,p.80.
[114] 思想史研究方面的这一转型,可参见葛瑞汉对史华兹(Benjamin I.Schwartz)“相似论”的批评。A.C.Graham,“Review of Benjamin I.Schwartz’s The World of Thought in Ancient China ”,Times Literary Supplement,18,July,1986.对这一领域更广泛变化的揭示可参见黄卓越:《后儒学之途:转向与谱系》,载《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2009(3)。
[115] 这一关于“语境”的论述,参见Yu Pauline,“Alienation Effects:Comparative Literature and the Chinese Tradition”,Clayton Koebl and Susan Noakes(eds.),The Comparative Perspective Literature,Cornell University Press,1988,pp.162-175.当然,此处偏重于强调的是一种为某种确定的世界观(“world view”)所规定的整体文化语境,并非具体的历史语境。
[116] Eugene Chen Ouyang,“Polar Paradigms in Poetics:Chinese and Western Literary Premises”,Cornelia Moore and Raymond Moody(eds.),Comparative Literature:East and West,University of Hawai‘i Press,1989.同期发表的相似观点,也可参见Sun Cecile Chu-chin(孙筑谨),“Problem of Perspective in Chinese-Western Comparative Literature Studies”,Canadian Review of Comparative Literature,Vol.13,No.4,1986.
[117] 例如,John L.Bishop,“Some Limitations of Chinese Fiction”,The Far Eastern Quarterly,Vol.15,No.2,1956.[美]夏志清:《中国古典小说史论》,“导论”,南昌,江西人民出版社,2001。另外,也可以从白之主编的论文集《中国文类研究》收录的一些论文中,见出贬抑说与肯定说——两种不同的评价观的交锋。
[118] 参见Patrick Dewes Hannan,“The Early Chinese Short Story:A Critical Theory in Outline”,Cyril Birch(ed.),Studies in Chinese Literary Gen res,p.309.
[119] Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards A Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.311.
[120] 为此,浦安迪还举出一些类目加以说明,比如“传”,包含了“左传”“列传”“传奇”“水浒传”“儿女英雄传”等;“志”,包含了“志怪”“夷坚志”“**寇志”“东周列国志”等;甚至于“记”,包括了“史记”“西游记”等。由此可证,叙述的谱系容纳了非常广泛多样的书写类型。参见Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards A Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.312.
[121] Andrew H.Plaks,Archetype and Allegory in “Dream of the Red Chamber”,Princeton University Press,1976,p.93.
[122] 有关此论题的讨论,参见Henri Maspero,“Historical Romance in History”,Frank A.Kierman,Jr.,tr.,China in Antiquity,University of Massachusetts Press,1978;Yau-woon Ma,“Fact and Fantasy in T’ang Tales”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.2,1980;David Johnson,“ Epic and History In Early China:The Matter of Wu Tzu Hsu”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.40,No.2,1981;David Derwei Wang,“ Fictional History/Historical Fiction”,Studies in Language and LiteratureI,1985;Anthony-C.Yu,“History,Fiction and the Reading of Chinese Narrative”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.10,No.1/2,1988.另,1980年出版的一个英文论集也曾涉及此话题,其中有William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“Some Preliminary Remarks on Fiction,The Classical Tradition and Society in Late Ninth-century China”;Winston L.Y.Yang,“The Literary Transformation of Historical Figures in the San-kou Chih yen-y”,Winston L.K.Yang and Curtis P.Adkins(eds.),Critical Essays on Chinese Fiction,Hong Kong,The Chinese University Press,1980.
[123] 参见John Ching-yu Wang,“Early Chinese Narrative:The Tso-Chuan as Example”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays .王靖宇在此即倾向于从“文学”的角度分析《左传》,并对这种看法做了理论上的解释。倪豪士关于“制作”的论述也直指《国语》《战国策》等,参见William H.Nienhauser,Jr.,“The Origins of Chinese Fiction”,Monumenta Serica,Vol.38,1988-89.倪豪士另外讨论小说与历史关系的论文,参见“ A Structural Reading of the Chuan in the Weng-yüan Ying-hua”,Journal of Asian Studies,Vol.36,No.3,1977;“Literature as a Source for Traditional History:The Case of Ou-yang Chan”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews,Vol.12,1990.
[124] Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality,The Chinese Poetics of Narrative,Stanford University Press,1994.
[125] 参见Shi Liang,Reconstructing the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,The Edwin Mellen Press,2002;Gu Ming Dong,Chinese Theories of Fiction:A Non-Western Narrative System,State University of New York Press,2006.
[126] 参见Milena Dolezelová-Velingerová(米列娜),Graham Senders(孙广仁)所撰《中国古代小说和戏剧理论》一文的解说,其中提道:“小说和戏剧的理论长期处于人们对诗歌偏好的阴影之中,诗歌被认为是中国文学不可逾越的文学样式。”(王晓路:《北美汉学界的中国文学思想研究》,“附录二”,709页)对于刘若愚的中国文论体系建构中出现的小说与戏剧理论阙如的情况,刘氏曾解释为是“因为戏剧和小说,在中国相当晚期才发展成为完整的文学类型”([美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,19页),这显然无法令人信服。
[127] 田晓菲:《关于北美中国中古文学研究之现状的总结与反思》,见张海惠:《北美中国学:研究概述与文献资源》,610页。
[128] 李峰:《早期中国研究及其考古学基础——全球化时代的新观察》,见张海惠:《北美中国学:研究概述与文献资源》,62页。
[129] [美]孙康宜:《词与文类研究》,“中文版序”,2页。
[130] 参见Charles Bernheimer,“The Bernheimer Report,1993:Comparative Literature at the Turn of the Century:American Comparative Literature Association Report on Professional Studies”,1993.
[131] Gungwu Wang,“Shifting Paradigms and Asian Perspectives:Implication for Research and Teaching”,Syed Alatas(ed.),Reflection on Alternative Discourse From Southeast Asia,Singapore,Centre for Advanced Studies,1998.
[132] 参见李欧梵:《徘徊在现代和后现代之间》,台北,正中书局,1996;李欧梵:《未完成的现代性》,北京,北京大学出版社,2005。
[133] Haun Saussy,The Problem of A Chinese Aesthetic,Stanford University Press,1993,p.2.中文版参见[美]苏源熙:《中国美学问题》,南京,江苏人民出版社,2009。
[134] 关于“妇女”这一概念的话语建构属性问题,参见Tani E.Barlow,“Theorizing Woman:Funǚ,Guojia,Jiating”,Angela Zito and Tabi Barlow(eds.),Body,Subject and Power,University of Chicago Press,1994,pp.253-289.高彦颐也循此而对“妇女”(women)与“女性”(femininity)的概念做了辨识,参见Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,Stanford University Press,1994.中文版参见[美]高彦颐:《闺墅师:明末清初江南的才女文化》,“中文版序”,南京,江苏人民出版社,2005。也可参见[美]孙康宜:《女性主义者论中国现代性》,载《明报月刊》,1996(5)。但无论这些概念在西方的语境中出现了什么问题,至少可以说,当今的妇女研究几乎不可能保持某种客观性而又不受到女性主义的影响。因此,尽管“妇女”的概念依然可以保留,但“妇女史”或“妇女研究”这类概念则难以作为一种学科范型而继续成立。西方关于“women”一词的论争,也可参见Chandra Talpade Mohanty,“Under Western Eyes:Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses”,Feminist Review,Vol.30,pp.61-88;Judith Butler,Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,Routledge,1990,p.148.
[135] 20世纪90年代初期,从多学科角度研究中国性别的结集中,有几种尤其值得关注,如Christina K.Gilmartin,Gail Hershatter,Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White(eds.),Engendering China:Women,Culture and the State,Harvard University Press,1994;Angela Zito and Tabi Barlow(eds.),Body,Subject and Power,University of Chicago Press,1994。后者尤其表明了从“文化研究”视域出发所做的一种尝试性探索,尽管所选论文未必都聚焦于女性。另有Jose Ignacio Cabezon(ed.),Buddhism,Sexuality,and Gender,State University of New York Press,1992.该书在佛学研究的过程中提出了新的观察立场,即女性自我意识的特殊存在,而这在过去的研究中常常是被忽视的。20世纪90年代中期以后,尤其是21世纪以来,各种与性别研究相关的论文集被大量出版,不再于此详列。
[136] 例如,费侠莉在其对女性身体的论述中,尽管认为有些自然的、生理的属性是不可略去的,但总起来看,对身体的认识均由不同的文化建构,并可为中国传统中的阴阳学说、社会理论等充分证实,而且传统中医的宇宙论框架也建于其上。因此,从文化隐喻与话语实践的角度来理解中国人对女性及其身体的看法,也将展示出当前研究的一种新路径。参见Charlotte Furth,A Flourishing Yin:Gender in China’s Medical History(960-1665),University of California Press,1999,pp.1-17,310-312.
[137] 对“社会性别”较为全面的阐述,参见Dorothy Ko的Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China 第一部分,以及Susan Mann的 Precious Record:Women in China’s Long Eighteen Century 中的“Introduction”部分及第二章“Gender”等。
[138] 关于男女互补与阴阳同体(androgynous body)等在哲学上所做的论证,参见费侠莉在A Flourishing Yin:Gender in China’s Medical History(960-1665)一书中的阐述。
[139] 关于对受虐论的比较激烈的批评,参见高彦颐在Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China 中的论述;而对agency,即“能动性”或“行动者”的强调,尤可参见尹沛霞在The Inner Quarters:Marriage and lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period 中的论述。
[140] Ellen Widmer and Kang-i Sun Chang(eds.),Writing Women in Late Imperial China,Stanford University Press,1997.
[141] Kang-i Sun Chang and Haun Saussy(eds.),Women Writers of Traditional China:An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism,Stanford University Press,1999.
[142] 关于《彤管:中华帝国的书写女性》一书在编纂理念上的这一特点,参见编者在该书的“Introduction”中所做的陈述。Wilt Idema and Beata Grant(eds.),The Red Brush:Writing Women of Imperial China,Harvard University East Asia Center,2004,pp.2-4.
[143] Joan Judge and Hu Ying(eds.),Beyond Exemplar Tales:Women’s Biography in Chinese History,Global,Area and International Archive,University of California Press,2011.
[144] 这个问题的提出也包含重写文学史的自觉意识,相关解释参见Kang-i Sun Chang,“Ming-Qing Anthologies of Women’s Poetry and Their Selection Strategies”,The Gest Library Journal,Vol.5,No.2,1992.然在“经典化”的问题上,方秀洁却另有看法。她认为在明中后期的文学语境中,编辑与出版女性文集的热情是由多种因素促成的,并不意味着就此存在使女性文学经典化的明显意识,参见Grace S.Fong,“Gender and the Failure of Canonization:Anthologizing Women’s Poetry in the Late Ming”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews(CLEAR),Vol.26,2004,pp.129-149.
[145] 孙康宜后来也曾解释道:“由于发掘的文本材料太多,我们只精选了120多位才女的佳作,全书近900页,有1/6的篇幅我们用来翻译介绍有关妇女文学创作的中国传统理论和评论,男女评论家各半。”[美]孙康宜:《孙康宜自选集:古典文学的现代观》,312页,上海,上海译文出版社,2013。
[146] [美]孙康宜:《耶鲁·性别与文化》,216页,上海,上海文艺出版社,2000。
[147] Maureen Robertson,“Changing the Subject:Gender and Self-Inscription in Authors’ Prefaces and shi Poetry”,Ellen Widmer and Kang-i Sun Chang(eds.),Writing Women in Late Imperial China.
[148] 参见Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.78-89。许多学者也从另外的角度阐述了“情”的概念在晚明女性文论观中的地位,参见Kang-i Sun Chang,The Late Ming Poet Ch’en Tzu-lung:Crises of Love and Loyalism,Yale University Press,1991.
[149] 参见Kang-i Sun Chang,“Ming-Qing Anthologies of Women’s Poetry and Their Selection Strategies”.该文通过陈子龙与柳如是的诗词交往,阐明了“艳情”所包含的情与忠的关系。
[150] 参见[美]孙康宜:《耶鲁·性别与文化》,207~223页。高彦颐将钟惺视为“女性诗人的最为热心的倡导者”,并用较长篇幅对其“清”的概念做过分析。不过她又认为,钟惺的这种论述,即“好诗=清物=女人”的公式,也会导致对女性的一种封闭性认知。参见Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.61-71.
[151] 参见Susan Mann,Precious Record:Women in China’s Long Eighteen Century,p.226.
[152] 参见Grace S.Fong,“Gender and the Failure of Canonization:Anthologizing Women’s Poetry in the Late Ming”,Chinese Literature:Essays,Articles,Reviews(CLEAR),Vol.26,2004,pp.129-149.
[153] 例如,孙康宜更偏向于强调中国传统中的男女一直分享并认同着“共同的文化”,两性处在文化上的互动关系之中。参见[美]孙康宜:《孙康宜自选集:古典文学的现代观》,304~310页。而高彦颐则认为,我们不能否认存在一个男性占统治地位的性别体系,但妇女也仍然有可能通过与这一体制的合作或博弈,创造出一个自由行动的空间,从而赋予自身以意义、安慰与尊严。参见Dorothy Ko,Teacher of the Inner Chambers:Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century,China,pp.8-9.白馥兰则认为,可以认同高彦颐通过对精英女性展示而表达出的自主性观点,但是也有必要跨越阶级的界限,去探索在更广阔的技术与生产等领域内传统妇女与男权秩序之间的关系。参见Francesca Bray,Technology and Gender:Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China,University of California Press,1997.而其他学者的持论也有些微的差异,需要谨慎待之。
[154] [美]孙康宜:《孙康宜自选集:古典文学的现代观》,20页。当然,关于这个问题也要分开来看。一方面,这些论点的确冲击了长期以来以西方传统汉学(也包括中国“五四”启蒙话语)为主导的性别观;另一方面,其实反对前期过于强盛的“受虐”理论、“差异”理论(“二分法”)的观念,在20世纪90年代之后已逐渐成为英美女性主义文化研究的一种流行话语,也有将之称为“后女性主义文化批评”的。因此单就理论的层面来看,它并没有太多地超出西方话语的范畴,对中国语境的研究中所产生的话语特殊性的认定,似乎还需要对比此种情况再做出更深入的说明。
[155] 参见[美]孙康宜:《孙康宜自选集:古典文学的现代观》,21页。
[156] Thomas Francis Carter,The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward,Columbia University Press,1925.这也是英语世界汉学研究的名著,1955年,该书由富路特(Luther Carrington Goodrich,也译傅路特等)详细校订增补后,于纽约再版。
[157] 参见Denis Twitchett,Printing and Publishing in Medieval China,London,The Wynkyn de Worde Society,1983.
[158] 关于对新旧学术范型所做的反思,也可参见[美]周绍明:《书籍的社会史:中华帝国晚期的书籍与士人文化》,“中文版序”,北京,北京大学出版社,2009。
[159] 文化研究对之论述很多,可参见斯图亚特·霍尔所撰《编码/解码》一文,及霍尔为所编《表征:文化表征与意指实践》一书撰写的绪论。Stuart Hall,“Encoding and Decoding in the Media Discourse”,Birmingham,CCCS,stencilled paper,No.7,1973;Stuart Hall(ed.),Representation:Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices,SAGE Publications,1997.
[160] 关于来自西方学界,尤其是法国学界对书籍、印刷等研究的影响,参见Cynthia Joanne Brokaw(包筠雅),“ Publishing,Society and Culture in Pre-modern China:The Evolution of Print Culture”,International Journal of Asian Studies,2,1,2005,pp.139-140.其中,日本的相关研究也对美国汉学产生过一定的影响。关于“书籍史”“印刷文化”“出版史”等提法,梅尔清(Tobie Meyer-Fong)曾撰文认为,在中文的语境中,这些概念之间“精确的界线仍然没有令人满意的定义”,然而都引出了“交流循环”(Communication Circuit)的概念,从而极大地扩展了研究的社会文化视野。参见[美]梅尔清:《印刷的世界:书籍、出版文化和中华帝国晚期的文化》,载《史林》,2008(4)。
[161] 对跨国文本流通的研究,包括对来华传教士翻译与著述文本的西传、西方19世纪初以来印刷工艺输入对中国传播业的影响、早期美国意象主义运动引发的东方文本的跨太平洋移位等的研究,其中有些也颇涉文本与文论问题,限于篇幅,暂搁置不述。
[162] 参见Late Imperial China,Vol.17,No.1,1996.除一篇译自法国学者夏蒂埃所撰的序言之外,其他北美汉学家的文章均是对中国本土书籍传播等的具体研究,如贾晋珠的“The Development of the Jiangyang Book Trade”,包筠雅的“Commercial Publishing in Late Imperia,China:The Zou and Ma family Businesses of Sibao,Fujian”,卜正民的 “Edifying Knowledge:The Building of School Libraries in Ming China”,周启荣的 “Writing for Success Printing,Examinations,and Intellectual Change in Late Ming Ching”,白恺思的 “ ‘A Precious Raft to Save the World’:The Interaction of Scriptural Traditions and Printing in a Chinese Morality Book”。
[163] 参见Cynthia J,Brokaw and Kai-wing Chou(eds.),Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China,University of California Press,2005.包筠雅在此领域的研究所起的导引性作用值得注意,其理论见解参见该书所载论文 “On the History of the Book in China”。
[164] Lucille Chia,Printing for Profit:The Commercial Publishers of Jianyang,Fuji an[11th-17th Centuries],Cambridge,Harvard University Asia Center,2002.
[165] Kai-wing Chow,Publishing,Culture,and Power in Early Modern China,Stanford University Press,2004.
[166] Joseph P.Mcdermott,A Social History of the Chinese Book:Books and Literati Culture in Late Imperial China,Hong Kong University Press,2006.
[167] Cynthia Joanne Brokaw,Commerce in Culture:The Sibao Book in the Qing and Republican Periods,Cambridge,Harvard University Asia Center,2007.
[168] Timothy H.Barrett,The Women Who Discovered Printing,Yale University Press,2008.
[169] 参见Christopher A.Reed(芮哲非),Gutenberg in Shanghai:Chinese Print Capitalism,1876-1937,The University of British Columbia Press,2004.该书曾获第四届亚洲学者大会(the International Convention of Asian Scholars)“最佳亚洲人文科学研究奖”。季家珍在这方面发表了大量论文,并有专著《印刷与政治:时报与晚清政治改革中的文化问题》(Print and politics:‘Shibao’ and the Culture of Reforming Late Qing China,Stanford University Press,1996)等。目前,芮哲非正与方秀洁等人共同主持一个重大项目“中国通俗报刊研究的新路径:性别与文化生产”(A New Approach to the Popular Press in China:Gender and Cultural Production,1904-1937)。另如对传教士与近代中国出版业之间关系的研究、女性身份重构与近代报刊关系的研究,以及新兴媒介与近代大众政治关系的研究等,近年均受到汉学界的积极关注。
[170] 包筠雅的论文见 C ynthia J,Brokaw,“Reading the Best-Sellers of the Nineteenth Century:Commercial Publications from Sibo”,Cynthia J,Brokaw and Kai-wing Chou(eds.),Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China.马兰安关于阅读与读者的论文有Anne Mclaren,“Constructing New Reading Publics in Late Ming China”,ibid;著作有Anne E Mclaren,Chinese Popular Culture and Ming Chantefables,Leiden,Brill,2001.当然,涉及阅读问题的研究还有许多,如何谷理、魏爱莲、周启荣等人所做的研究。
[171] 参见Stuart H.Sargent,“Context of the Song Lyric in Sung Times:Communication Technology,Social Change,Morality”,Pauline Yu(ed.),Voice of the Song Lyric in China,pp.226-256.
[172] Ellen Widmer,“The Huangduzhai of Hangzhou and Suzhou:A Study in Seventeenth Century Publishing”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.56,No.1,1996.译成中文的论文有[美]魏爱莲:《缺乏机械化的现代性:鸦片战争前夕小说形态的改变》(Modernization without Mechanization:The Changing Shape of Fiction on the Eve of the Opium War),载《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》,2010(2)。
[173] 参见Ellen Widmer,TheBeauty and the Book:Women and Fiction in Nineteenth-Century China,Harvard University Asia Center,2006.
[174] Robert E.Hegel,Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China,Stanford University Press,1998.
[175] 柯律格这方面的研究,参见Craig Clunas,Pictures and Visuality in Early Modern China,London,Reaktion Books,1997,中文版参见[英]柯律格:《明代的图像与视觉性》,北京,北京大学出版社,2011;Craig Clunas,Empire of Great Brightness:Visual and Material Cultures of Ming China,1368-1644,London,Reaktion books,2007.另一种与此论题相关的有意思的著作是Hsiao Li-ling(萧丽玲)所撰《永存现今的过去:万历年间的插图、戏剧与阅读》( The Eternal Present of the Past:Illustration,Theater,and Reading in the Wanli Period,1573-1619,Leiden,Brill,2007)。两书均涉及晚明时期的阅读经验问题。
[176] 对这些概念的论述,参见Kai-wing Chow,Publishing,Culture,and Power in Early Modern China,“Introduction”,“Conclusion”.
[177] 参见Catherine Vance Yeh,Shanghai Love:Courtesans,Intellectuals,and Entertainment Culture,1950-1910,University of Washington,2006.中文版参见[美]叶凯蒂:《上海·爱:名妓、知识分子和娱乐文化(1850~1910)》,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2012。
[178] 宇文所安对这一问题的论述见于多种材料,一个比较集中的解释,参见[美]宇文所安:《中国早期古典诗歌的生成》,“序言”,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2012。另,也可见其“Manuscript Legacy of the Tang:The Case of Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Syudies,Vol.67,No.2,2007.
[179] Tian Xiaofei,Tao yuanming & Manuscript Culture:The Record of a Dusty Table,University of Washington Press,2005.中文版可参见田晓菲:《尘几录:陶渊明与手抄本文化研究》,北京,中华书局,2007。
[180] Christopher M.B.Nugent,Manifest in Word,Written on Paper:Producing and Circulating Poetry in Tang Dynasty China,Harvard University Asia Center,2011.
[181] 也可参见艾文岚对唐传奇不同版本的比较研究等,如Sarah M.Allen,“Tales Retold:Narrative Variation in a Tang Story”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Syudies,Vol.66,No.1,2006.
[182] Wang Yugen,Ten Thousand Scrolls:Reading and Writing in Poetics of Huang Tingjian and the Late Northern Song,Harvard University Asia Center,2011.
[183] 关于对“副文本”的考察,参见《中国近代早期的出版、文化与权力》第三章,对职业文学批评家在一般出版市场与科举出版市场中的作用的考察,可参见上书第四章,但交叉论述的情况也很常见。
[184] 梅尔清在对英语国家20年来的印刷史研究的综述中也注意到其他一些表现。例如,她发现一些研究图版的汉学家们也会关注图文间的关系,这些与图像共生的文字也属于批注的范畴。他如马安兰在“Constructing New Reading Publics in Late Ming China”一文中,借助对序言与点评在修辞性用语方面的变化来考察大众阅读社会的形成过程。[美]梅尔清:《印刷的世界:书籍、出版文化和中华帝国晚期的文化》,载《史林》,2008(4)。
[185] 国内学者对这一问题在理论上所做的一些阐释,可参见王兵:《清人选清诗与清代诗学》序,黄卓越撰,北京,中国社会科学出版社,2011。
[186] 参见Meyer Howard Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham(eds.),A Glossary of Literary Terms,Wadsworth Publishing,2009,pp.364-365.
[187] 关于这点,参见克利福德、马库斯的《写文化:民族志的诗学与政治学》一书的多处论述。克利福德和马库斯认为,如果将人类学成果看作一种“写作”(“文本化”)的话,那么,毫无疑问,它势必会借助于当代文学批评的基本话语。马库斯还提到,这种“文学理论”的一个主要驱力,“便是将文学批评转化进一种具有更大包容面的文化批评”。参见James Clifford and George E.Marcus(eds.),Writing Culture:The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography,University of California,1986,p.262.关于历史学研究的文论化或泛文论化取向,参见林恩·亨特的论述(Lynn Hunt,The New Cultural History,“Introduction”,University of California,1989,pp.1-22)。
[188] 有关于此,鲍则岳表示他偏向于杜邦索(Peter S.Du Ponceau)与卜弼德(Peter A.Bo-odberg)的看法,认为将汉语仅仅看作以“观看”为主、与声音无关的图像表意文字是一种幼稚的看法,而赞同汉字与其他任何语言一样,只是一个呈示声音的图标设置,是视觉、听觉与意义的组合体。据杜邦索的看法,从形态上看,中文与西方拼音文字的区别在于,前者使用的是“Characters”(字符),而后者使用的则是“letter”(字母)。参见William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,American Oriental Society,1994,pp.1-9.杜邦索对汉字的论述可参见其《汉字的字符及其特征》(A Dissetation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing,1838)一书。与杜邦索、卜弼德意见一致的还有德范克(John DeFrancis),参见John DeFrancis,The Chinese Language:Fact and Fantacy,University of Hawai‘i Press,1984. 鲍则岳曾专门撰文推重德范克此著。从话语的设置上看,鲍则岳似并未明确涉入后殖民主义问题的讨论,但正如康奈利在评论鲍则岳的研究时所指出的,普遍主义的语言理论以及语文学与当时的欧洲殖民主义是有关联的,参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,Lanham,Rowman & Littlefield Publisher,Inc.,1998,pp.33-34.
[189] William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,p.156.
[190] 参见William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,p.157.
[191] 这也是鲍则岳自觉设置的两个主要分析层次,前者关及“物质材料”(material),后者关及语言本体(linguistic)。参见William G.Boltz,The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System,pp.9-10.
[192] 尽管这一提法在英美汉学界并非鲍则岳首创,但由于其突显式的阐述,及对决定文字与书写变化的内在构成的深入揭示,因此从西方当代的汉学研究系脉上看,仍有特定的意义。
[193] Mark Edward Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China,State University of New York Press,1900.
[194] 关于这个问题的评论,参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.10-11.
[195] 参见Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Authority in Early China,State University of New York Press,1999,pp.3-4.
[196] 参见Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Auhtority in Early China,p.361.这个概念的使用也可参见陆威仪《早期中华帝国:秦与汉》(Mark Edward Lewis,The Early Chinese Empires:Qin and Han,Harvard University Press,2007)第九章中有关“文学”的描述。
[197] 需要指出,这样一种观念明显受到了德·赛都关于“书写神话”思想的影响,同时也与海登·怀特的后现代历史叙述学的见解趋同。德·赛都的论述,参见Michel de Certeau,L’écriture de L’histoire,Gallimard,Chapter 1,1975.
[198] 参见Mark Edward Lewis,Writing and Autority in Early China,pp.363-365.
[199] 这方面稍早的讨论也可参见王靖宇、倪豪士等人关于中国叙事“虚构化”的论述,后期的研究注入了更新的理论视野,其讨论也更整体化了。有些论述也可参见Christina Shuttleworth Kraus(ed.),The Limits of Historiography:Genre and Narritive in Ancient Historical Texts,Leiden,Brill,1999.
[200] 参见Daivd Schaberg,A Patterned Past:Form and Thought in Early Chinese Historiography,Harvard University Asia Center,2001;Daivd Schaberg,“Song and Historical Imagination in Early China”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.59,No.2,1999.与史嘉柏等人的观点相近,柯马丁(Martin Kern)也有一些关于历史的诗学性建构的讨论,参见[德]柯马丁:《汉史之诗:〈史记〉、〈汉书〉叙事中的诗歌含义》,载《中国典籍与文化》,2007(3)。
[201] 对阿尔都塞与福柯理论的阐释,参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.24-27.
[202] 在它处,康奈利又写道:“我希望强调一下我的观点,即文言文的文本权威性并不在于它是某种说出‘真实’的语言,而是它作为语言学上的权威,是通过组成元素的相系方式,内在地被构造出来的。”Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.19.
[203] 关于“纯文学”的书写,参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.141-170.
[204] 参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,pp.99-107.
[205] Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.14.
[206] 具体而言,陆威仪的研究就没有更多考虑到文献资料本身带有的事实与虚构的复杂性,以及其间显露的无数细密与重大的缝隙。在康奈尔的研究中,则多存在一些为其不证自明的要素,比如为凸显其所述统合性与文本整体性的主题而略去了对不同类型的书写士人群体之间差异性,以及士与宫廷权威之间在意识形态选择上的差异性等的考察;与之同时,也没有将权力本身进行内部的分层,以至于简化了“权威”的概念。
[207] 对过度理论化的批评,参见[德]柯马丁:《学术领域的界定——北美中国早期文学研究概况》,见张海惠:《北美中国学:研究概述与文献资源》,583页。
[208] 参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.4.
[209] 后来的汉学家对此问题也有反思,参见Michael Nylan(戴梅可),“Textual Authority in Pre-Han and Han”,Early China,Vol.25,2000;Martin Kern,“Feature:Writing and Authority in Early China,By Mark Edward Lewis”,China Review International,Vol.7,2000.
[210] 叶维廉对其研究主要集中在“传释”学的阐述上,参见叶维廉:《中国诗学》,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1992。
[211] Kai-wing Chow,On-cho Ng,and John B.Henderson(eds.),Imagining Boundaries:Changing Confucian Doctrines,Text,and Hermeneutics,State University of New York Press,1999.
[212] Tu Ching-I(ed.),Classics and Interpretation:The Hermeneutic Traditions in Chinese Culture,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers,2000.涂经诒稍后编辑出版的同类著作还有:Tu Ching-I(ed.),Interpratation and Intellectual Change:Chinese Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective,New Brunswick,Transaction Publishers,2004.
[213] Pauline Yu,Peter Bol,Stephen Owen,and Willard Peterson(eds.),Ways with Words:Writing about Reading Texts from Early China,University of California Press,2000.
[214] 此后的研究,也可参见John Makeham,Transmitters and Creators:Chinese Commentators and Commentaries on the Analects,Harvard University Asia Center,2004;Gu Ming Dong,Chinese Theories of Reading and Writing:A Route to Hermeneutics and Open Poetics,State University New York Press,2005.此外,还有大量论文。
[215] 参见Steven Van Zoeren,Poetry and Personality:Reading,Exegesis,and Hermeneutics in Traditional China,Stanford University Press,1991,pp.11-13.对“诗言志”这一概念的进一步研究,也可参见苏源熙在《中国美学问题》中的描述,亦引用了范氏之说。
[216] John B.Henderson,Scripture,Canon and Commentary:A Comparison of Confucian and Western Exegesis,Princeton University Press,1991,p.4.
[217] 这种大跨度的比较研究,也可参见John B.Henderson,The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy:Neo-Confucian,Islamic,Jewish,and Early Christian Patterns,State University of New York Press,1998.
[218] 中国学者对韩德森该书的初步介绍,参见陈钢:《文献学与汉学史的写作——兼评韩大伟〈顶礼膜拜:汉学先驱与古典汉语文献学的发展〉》,载《世界汉学》。2005(1)。