海外汉学与中国文论(英美卷)

(二)沈约的“声律”说与萧统的《文选》

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关于汉诗研究,英美汉学家将句法与声韵等一并纳于研治的框架之中,偏重于从组织结构,甚至于声律章法上来考察汉诗的形式特征,构型出批评模式上的一种谱系。上可溯自德庇时、苏谋事、道格斯,后及傅汉思、刘若愚、施友忠、马瑞志(Richard B.Mather)、宇文所安、高友工、梅祖麟等,均对此有所触及。[123],此处,仅以刘若愚、施友忠、马瑞志对沈约“声律”说的考察为例。沈约的“声律”说为近体诗奠定了基础,刘若愚认为沈约是“四声”理论最早的阐发者之一,而且根据中国语言的声调不同建立诗律。沈约在《宋书·谢灵运传》中写道:“夫五色相宜,八音协畅,由乎玄黄律吕,各适物宜。欲使宫羽相变,低昂舛节,若前有浮声,则后须切响。一简之内,音韵尽殊;两句之中,轻重悉异。妙达此旨,始可言文。”对此,刘若愚指出,沈约认为“精通韵律细节是文学的必要条件”[124]。

施友忠说,中国语言的声律特征一直以来就为很多大作家所关注。[125]司马相如就认为声律是赋的一种修辞要素,陆机曾说过“暨音声之迭代,若五色之相宣”,甚至激烈批评沈约“四声八病”说的钟嵘也认识到了语言天然的音乐性。沈约等人不满于声、调等作诗之法的随意性,成功地创立了一套规范诗歌语言的技术性准则。

马瑞志在《诗人沈约》(The Poet Shen Yueh)一书中,认为沈约尽管不如李白、杜甫那样声名显赫,但是仅凭其作为诗歌韵律的提出者这一项就足以跻身中国伟大文人之列。[126]沈约认为天地阴阳交互作用,不但调节着昼夜更替与四季轮回,而且影响人的情感与作为情感表达方式的诗歌。因为这一切是非常自然的,故而起初并未引起人们的注意,后来诗人们开始有意识地运用一些技巧来文饰朴素之质。在沈约看来,这一过程经历了不同的阶段。首先是司马相如等赋家完善了咏物艺术,然后班固等诗人使情理达到了完美的程度,建安诗人则实现了上述两者的融合,摒弃了赋的繁缛,形成了建安气质。[127]这一过程虽继续有所发展,但无人对诗的格律给予特别关注。3世纪末的潘岳、陆机稍有所触及,但由于洛阳的失陷与北方士族的南迁,这一过程随即终止,诗人与政治家开始“向内转”,疏离现实及转向“玄学”沉思。至于后来的谢灵运与颜延之,在沈约看来虽是文体家,但对诗歌韵律的发现毫无贡献,而沈约自认为对韵律的发现是史无前例的。

沈约在《宋书·谢灵运传》的论赞中详细阐明了有关诗歌声律的问题,自矜为独得之秘。陆厥为此写信给他,提出不同意见。沈约回应说,他所谈论的并非曲或五音,而是一行诗或一句诗中的四声参差与变动的具体操作。对陆、沈二人的争论,马瑞志解释说,这部分原因在于沈约时代的诗人没有使用固定的标准术语来界定概念,与“声”有关的语词(如上下、低昂、玄黄、清浊、轻重)的宽泛使用导致术语的混淆。马瑞志进一步引《诗品》序言中的例子证明说,沈约时代的人普遍认为“四声”(four tones)与“五音”(five notes)是对等的。[128]马瑞志发现,由于汉语的声调对外国人来说是一大障碍,因此往往首先引起印度、中亚及日本人的注意,沈约之所以发现诗歌的格律也是在与印度僧人合作翻译佛经时获得启发。[129]现存的有关“四声八病”的最早解释,出现在日本僧人空海所辑的《文镜秘府》中。

马瑞志也注意到了沈约理论与创作实践之间的矛盾。“沈约在创作中并未始终贯彻自己的主张。在其《序志》中,他流露出对‘情理’与‘气质’的偏爱。”[130]“四声八病”的原则在当时也并未立即被接受,但它与继其之后出现的“永明体”一起,为后来韵律优美、广为传颂的唐代律诗奠定了基础。

中国古代选本是文学批评的一种的独特样式,选本本身以及序跋均体现了选家的文学观念。萧统的《文选》作为一部重要的文学作品选集,引起了汉学家的注意。例如,范佐伦曾指出,萧统的《文选》较早尝试以文类为系统对文学进行分类,是中国文学史上继《诗经》之后最重要的文学作品集,影响了数代人对六朝文学的认识。“《文选》及其序言,体现了萧统本质上的传统主义的文学观与诗学观。”[131]另外两位美国汉学家,康达维与余宝琳则对萧统的文学观进行了更为周衍的探讨。

康达维翻译《文选》,并撰写了序言介绍这部文集及编者萧统,其中对萧统的文学观有所论及。康氏说,从《文选》的编辑本身及其“序言”中可以窥得萧统的文学观念。萧统所谓的“文”通常指的是“文章”或“纹理”,他说:“式观原始……由是文籍生焉。《易》曰:‘观乎天文,以察时变;观乎人文,以化成天下。’文之时义,远矣哉!”显然,萧统是在更为宽泛的意义上来使用“文”的。在此,他的观点类似于刘勰《文心雕龙》首篇中的观点。但是萧统在《文选》序言中多次强调,“其所谓的‘文’不是玄学或宇宙论意义上的‘文’,而是纯文学意义上的‘文’”[132]。故此,萧统提到了“骚人之文”,以及“三言八字之文”的诗歌形式。此外,他还用一些同义词来指《文选》中具体的作品类型,如“篇章”“篇翰”“篇什”“篇藻”。康氏认为:“所有这些术语都可大致翻译为‘纯文学’(belles-lettres),近乎表达出一种纯文学的观念。”[133]萧统在解释缘何未收入几类重要著作时,这种纯文学观表现得格外明显。例如,他说战国和汉初的“纵横论”是“事异篇章”,故不收;将“纪事之史”和“系年之书”与“篇翰”相比,同样能见出它们“亦已不同”。史书中所载的“赞”“论”“序”“述”等,因为“事出于沉思,义归乎翰藻”,所以虽然出自历史学家之手,但是它们也可以集于“篇什”内。很显然,萧统是将文学技巧作为选文的决定性因素。他摒弃哲学著作,因为“老庄之作,管孟之流,盖以立意为总,不以能文为本”,而史学著作中的“赞”“论”等文体凸显出的品质就是“翰藻”。此外,萧统还认识到愉悦性是文学的重要功能,如他将读者在诸多文体中所发现的乐趣比作观赏乐器和锦绣时所获得的享受。[134]

在文学发展观问题上,康达维指出,萧统同刘勰一样,也承认文学的自然发展。随着时间的推移,文学会变得更为华美与繁复。他说:“若夫椎轮为大辂之始,大辂宁有椎轮之质?增冰为积水所成,积水曾微增冰之凛,何哉?盖踵其事才而增华,变其本加厉;物既有成,文亦宜然。”但是,萧统也有不同于刘勰的地方,即未曾将诸种文体的起源统统追溯到儒家经典。[135]即便他将“赋”追溯到《诗经》的“六义”,但也认为“赋”在发展中获得了新的品质与独立性。最后,康达维总结说,毫无疑问,萧统对文学的见解是碎片化的,关心的是选文以及编辑文集的实际工作。

余宝琳撰有《诗歌的定位:早期中国文学中的选集与经典》一文,从三个方面探析萧统的文学观。在她看来,第一,在萧统那里,选集编纂中的选择过程本身首次成为讨论的主题。不同于挚虞,萧统的评论以全面性为目标,而又保留了评价特权。萧统有所选择,试图在《文选序》中澄清选文的基础及其对选文的编排,使“《文选》既有教益,又有公开的规范性”[136]。第二,萧统虽认为“赋”这一文体滥觞于《诗经》,但没有将其他文学形式的起源追溯到经典,而且没有将文学的演变视为不可避免的没落过程。[137]相反,他认为文学变化体现了一种从简单到复杂的自然演进,正如天子所乘坐的大辂是由椎轮演变而来的。对事物本质的雕饰或许会减损原初的朴质,但这不应受到责难,而应被视为是正常的。萧统在此确定的“不仅是文学流变的自然性,更为重要的是其合法性”[138]。第三,萧统明确地将儒家经典排除在选集之外。萧统谈到不收录经典的表面理由是经典本身的不可亵渎性,不能被摘录成完整的文章。他说:“若夫姬公之籍,孔父之书;与日月俱悬,鬼神争奥。孝敬之准式,人伦之师友。岂可重以芟夷,加之翦截。”但是,萧统接下来关于不录入哲学、历史著作的理由却是“盖以立意为宗,不以能文为本”,“事异篇章”或“方之篇翰,亦已不同”。余氏推测说:“这就显示出萧统心中类似的未曾言明的判断也适用于经典。”[139]当然,萧统在此并非贬抑经典,只是肯定经典与其选集所录之作的不同之处。

[1] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,181页。

[2] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxii.

[3] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxii.

[4] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxii.

[5] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxii.

[6] James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.42.

[7] James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.43.

[8] James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.44.

[9] 参见James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.45.

[10] James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.46.

[11] James Robert Hightower,Topics in Chinese Literature:Outlines and Bibliographies,p.46.

[12] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.215.

[13] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.216.

[14] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.218.

[15] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.218.

[16] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.221.

[17] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Chinese Lyric Criticism in the Six Dynasties”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.222.

[18] Ronald Miao Clendinen,“Literary Criticism at the End of the Eastern Han”,Literature:East & West,Vol.16,No.3,1972,p.1014.

[19] Ronald Miao Clendinen,“Literary Criticism at the End of the Eastern Han”,Literature:East & West,Vol.16,No.3,1972,p.1028.

[20] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,103页。

[21] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,104页。

[22] 参见[美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,105页。

[23] 参见Ronald Egan,“Nature and Higher Ideals in Text on Calligraphy,Music,and Painting”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),Chinese Aesthetics:the Ordering of Literature,the Arts,and the Universe in the Six Dynasties,Honolulu,University of Hawai‘i Press,2004,p.291.

[24] 参见Ronald Egan,“Nature and Higher Ideals in Text on Calligraphy,Music,and Painting”,Chinese Aesthetics:the Ordering of Literature,the Arts,and the Universe in the Six Dynasties,p.294.

[25] Ronald Egan,“Nature and Higher Ideals in Text on Calligraphy,Music,and Painting”,Chinese Aesthetics:the Ordering of Literature,the Arts,and the Universe in the Six Dynasties,p.296.

[26] 参见Ronald Egan,“Nature and Higher Ideals in Text on Calligraphy,Music,and Painting”,Chinese Aesthetics:the Ordering of Literature,the Arts,and the Universe in the Six Dynasties,p.297.

[27] Ronald Egan,“Nature and Higher Ideals in Text on Calligraphy,Music,and Painting”,Chinese Aesthetics:the Ordering of Literature,the Arts,and the Universe in the Six Dynasties,p.298.

[28] Archibald Macleish,Poetry and Experience,Cambridge,The Riverside Press,1961,p.4.

[29] Archibald Macleish,Poetry and Experience,p.7.

[30] 赵毅衡:《诗神远游——中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,149页。

[31] Sam Hamill,The Art of Writing,Minnesota,Milkweed Editions,1991,p.11.

[32] 参见Sam Hamill,The Art of Writing,p.18.

[33] 参见陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,30页。

[34] 陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,34页。

[35] 参见陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,41页。

[36] 参见陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,45页。

[37] 陈世骧:《陈世骧文存》,34页。

[38] Ernest Richard Hughes,The Art of Letters:Lu Chi’s “Wen Fu”,A.D.302,New York,Bollingen Found Inc.,1951,pp.197-198.

[39] 参见[美]厄尔·迈纳:《比较诗学》,182~183页,北京,中央编译出版社,1998。

[40] Sister Mary Gregory Knoerle,“The Poetic Theory of Lu Chi,with a Brief Comparison with Horace’s ‘Ars Poetica’ ”,The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤ,No.2,1966,p.141.

[41] Sister Mary Gregory Knoerle,“The Poetic Theory of Lu Chi,with a Brief Comparison with Horace’s ‘Ars Poetica ’ ”,The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤ,No.2,1966,p.141.

[42] Sister Mary Gregory Knoerle,“The Poetic Theory of Lu Chi,with a Brief Comparison with Horace’s ‘Ars Poetica’ ”,The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤ,No.2,1966,p.142.

[43] 参见Sister Mary Gregory Knoerle,“The Poetic Theory of Lu Chi,with a Brief Comparison with Horace’s ‘Ars Poetica ’”,The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,Vol.ⅩⅩⅤ,No.2,1966,p.143.

[44] 赵毅衡:《诗神远游——中国如何改变了美国现代诗》,49页。

[45] 参见钟玲:《美国诗与中国梦:美国现代诗里的中国文化模式》,126~130页。

[46] Craig Fisk,“Literary Criticism”,William H.Nienhauser,Jr.(ed.),The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature,Bloomington,Indiana University Press,1986,p.51.

[47] Steven Van Zoeren,“Chinese Theory and Criticism”,Michael Groden,Martin Kreiswirth and Imre Szeman(eds.),The John Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism,Baltimore,Johns Hopkins University Press,2005,p.189.

[48] 参见Craig Fisk,“Literary Criticism”,The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature,p.51.

[49] 参见Steven Van Zoeren,“Chinese Theory and Criticism”,The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory &Criticism,p.189.

[50] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai (ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,Stanford University Press,2001,p.17.

[51] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.19.

[52] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.21.

[53] 参见Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,pp.21-22.

[54] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.22.

[55] Kang-i Sun Chang,“Liu Xie’s Idea of Canonicity”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.25.

[56] Zong-qi Cai,“The Making of a Critical System:Concepts of Literature in Wenxin diaolong and Earlier Texts”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.75.

[57] 参见Zong-qi Cai,“The Making of a Critical System:Concepts of Literature in Wenxin diaolong and Earlier Texts”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.57.

[58] Zong-qi Cai,“The Making of a Critical System:Concepts of Literature in Wenxin diaolong and Earlier Texts”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.54.

[59] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,183页。

[60] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,184页。

[61] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,184页。

[62] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,185页。

[63] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,186页。

[64] 参见Victor H.Mair,“Buddhismin in The Literary Mind and Orante Rhetoric”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.78.

[65] Victor H.Mair,“Buddhism in The Literary Mind and Orante Rhetoric”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.80.

[66] Victor H.Mair,“Buddhism in The Literary Mind and Orante Rhetoric”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.81.

[67] Richard John Lynn,“Wang Bi and Liu Xie’s Wenxin diaolong:Terms and Concepts,Influence and Affiliations”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.93.

[68] Richard John Lynn,“Wang Bi and Liu Xie’s Wenxin diaolong:Terms and Concepts,Influence and Affiliations”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.93.

[69] [加]叶嘉莹:《迦陵文集》(二),117~118页。

[70] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxxviii.

[71] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxxix.

[72] Ronald Egan,“Poet,Mind,and World:A Reconsideration of the ‘Shensi’ Chapter of Wenxin Diaolong”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.126.

[73] Ronald Egan,“Poet,Mind,and World:A Reconsideration of the‘Shensi’Chapter of Wenxin Diaolong”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.124.

[74] 参见Shuen-fu Lin,“Liu Xie on Imagination”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.134.

[75] 参见Shuen-fu Lin,“Liu Xie on Imagination”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.60.

[76] 参见Andrew H.Plaks,“The Bones of Parallel Rhetoric in Wenxin Diaolong”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.164.

[77] Wai-Yee Li,“Between ‘Literary Mind’ and ‘Carving Dragons’:Order and Excess in Wenxin Diaolong”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.193.

[78] 参见Stephen Owen,“Liu Xie and the Discourse Machine”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.175.

[79] Stephen Owen,“Liu Xie and the Discourse Machine”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.191.

[80] [加]叶嘉莹:《迦陵文集》(二),119~120页。

[81] 参见Zong-qi Cai,“The Making of a Critical System:Concepts of Literature in Wenxin Diaolong and Earlier Texts”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.45.

[82] 参见Zong-qi Cai,“The Making of a Critical System:Concepts of Literature in Wenxin Diaolong and Earlier Texts”,Zong-qi Cai(ed.),A Chinese Literary Mind,p.56.

[83] 参见[美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,36页。

[84] 参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,Lanham,Rowan & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1998,p.143.

[85] 参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.145.

[86] 参见Christopher Leigh Connery,The Empire of the Text:Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China,p.170.

[87] 参见[美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,94页。

[88] 参见[美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,94~96页。

[89] 参见[美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,39页。

[90] 参见Steven,Van Zoeren,Poetry and Personality:Readings,Exegesis,and Hermeneutics in Traditional China,p.100.

[91] 参见Steven,Van Zoeren,Poetry and Personality:Readings,Exegesis,and Hermeneutics in Traditional China,p.101.

[92] 参见[美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,225页。

[93] 参见[美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,226页。

[94] [美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,226页。

[95] 参见[美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,659页。

[96] [美]宇文所安:《中国文论:英译与评论》,227页。

[97] Steven Van Zoeren,“Chinese Theory and Criticism”,The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory &Criticism,p.189.

[98] Craig Fisk,“Literary Criticism”,The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature,p.52.

[99] John Timothy Wixted,“The Nature of Evaluation in the Shin-p’in[Gradings of Poets]by Chung Hung”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.239.

[100] John Timothy Wixted,“The Nature of Evaluation in the Shin-p’in[Gradings of Poets]by Chung Hung”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.240.

[101] John Timothy Wixted,“The Nature of Evaluation in the Shin-p’in[Gradings of Poets]by Chung Hung”,Theories of the Arts in China,p.246.

[102] Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxviii.

[103] 参见[加]叶嘉莹:《迦陵文集》(三),56~60页,石家庄,河北教育出版社,1997。

[104] Hellmut Wilhelm,“A Note on Chung Hung and His Shih-p’in”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,Madison,The University of Wisconsin Press,1968,p.115.

[105] Hellmut Wilhelm,“A Note on Chung Hung and His Shih-p’in”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.116.

[106] Hellmut Wilhelm,“A Note on Chung Hung and His Shih-p’in”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.117.

[107] Hellmut Wilhelm,“A Note on Chung Hung and His Shih-p’in”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.120.

[108] 参见E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.125.

[109] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the ChineseHumanities,p.135.

[110] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.141.

[111] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.142.

[112] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.149.

[113] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.149.

[114] E.Bruce Brooks,“A Geometry of the Shi Pin”,Tse-tsung Chow(ed.),Wen-lin:Studies in the Chinese Humanities,p.150.

[115] 参见Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.175.

[116] 参见Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.176.

[117] 参见Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.176.

[118] 参见Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.177.

[119] Jay Sailey,The Master Who Embraces Simplicity:A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung,A.D.283-343,San Francisco,Chinese Materials Center,Inc.,1978,p.471.

[120] Jay Sailey,The Master Who Embraces Simplicity:A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung,A.D.283-343,p.473.

[121] Jay Sailey,The Master Who Embraces Simplicity:A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung,A.D.283-343,p.480.

[122] Jay Sailey,The Master Who Embraces Simplicity:A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung,A.D.283-343,p.505.

[123] 参见黄卓越:《“汉字诗律说”:英美汉诗形态研究的理论轨迹》,载《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2014(1)。

[124] [美]刘若愚:《中国文学理论》,134页。

[125] 参见Vincent Yu-chung Shih,The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons:A Study of Thought and Pattern in Chinese Literature,p.xxvii.

[126] 参见Richard B.Mather,The Poet Shen Yueh,Princeton University Press,1988,p.3.

[127] 参见Richard B.Mather,The Poet Shen Yueh,p.41.

[128] 参见Richard B.Mather,The Poet Shen Yueh,p.54.

[129] 参见Richard B.Mather,The Poet Shen Yueh,p.55.

[130] Richard B.Mather,The Poet Shen Yueh,p.61.

[131] Stenven Van Zoeren,“Chinese Theory and Criticism”,The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism,p.189.

[132] David R.Knechtge,Wenxuan,or Selections of Refined Literature,Volume One,Princeton University Press,1982,p.17.

[133] David R.Knechtge,Wenxuan,or Selections of Refined Literature,Volume One,p.18.

[134] 参见David R.Knechtge,Wenxuan,or Selections of Refined Literature,Volume One,p.19.

[135] 参见David R.Knechtge,Wenxuan,or Selections of Refined Literature,Volume One,p.20.

[136] Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.177.

[137] 参见Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.178.

[138] Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.178.

[139] Pauline Yu,“Poems in Their Place:Collections and Canons in Early Chinese Literature”,Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,Vol.50,No.1,1990,p.179.