海外汉学与中国文论(英美卷)

三、对作为批评概念的“奇”的研究

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浦安迪在对中国小说的研究中所措出的一个最重要的概念是“奇书”。据其所述,“奇”的概念也是当时诸多批评家,如毛宗岗、张竹坡等人在小说序跋与批注中常用的。浦安迪认为,虽然从字面上看,“奇书”是“奇妙之著作”的意思,但古人专称《三国演义》《西游记》《水浒传》和《金瓶梅》为“四大奇书”也是别有深意的,一是由此而设定了一个“文类上的界限”,以与二三流章回小说区别开来;二是“奇书”文体也自有一套固定的体裁惯例。[26]

史亮所著《重构中国传统小说的历史话语》以“奇”“游戏”“道”三个概念为主线,梳理出了中国小说理论的一些重要特征。例如,在论述“奇”时,他把“怪”“异”“玄”“诞”等概念统摄进来,同时又举出以“幽”“神”“梦”“仙”等为常见标题的例证,将之做了关联性考察。在他看来,六朝以前“奇”文的代表是《左传》《史记》等史学著作,这些著作也是后来小说的源头。清代中期评论家陶家鹤即说过:“左丘明即千秋谎祖也。”清代另一位批评家冯镇恋也说:“千古文字之妙,无过《左传》,最善叙怪异事。”史亮认为,甚至诸子著作亦多奇文。从六朝时期“志怪”小说之突起,至唐“传奇”小说之兴盛,“奇”字逐渐成了这一文学类别的代名。进而,“‘奇’在明清发展成为成熟的文学概念和话语”[27]。在史亮看来,“奇”具有三方面内容:首先,是表现奇异的幻想因素;其次,是对日常行为的超越;最后,是卓越的叙事技术[28]——三者也可被视为“奇“在文学中的表现。关于“游戏”这一概念,史亮认为大致包含两个主要方面,即精彩绝伦的叙事技巧和新颖的内容。它们是小说能带给人快感的主要原因。[29]游戏概念的建立使得小说能从对道的追逐中解放出来,也使文学再现能够摆脱现实主义原则的限制。

[1] John Ching-yu Wang,Chin Sheng-t’an:His Life and Literary Criticism,Twayne Publishers,1972.

[2] 例如,鲁晓鹏(Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu)《从史实性到虚构性:中国叙事诗学》(From Historicity to Fictionality:The Chinese Poetics of Narrative,Stanford University Press,1994),史亮(Shi Liang)《重构中国传统小说的历史话语》(Reconstruction the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,the Edwin Mellen Press,2002),顾明栋(Gu Ming Dong)《中国小说理论:一个非西方的叙事体系》(Chinese Theories of Fiction:A Non-Western Narrative System,State University of New York Press,2006)。

[3] 参见Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards A Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,Princeton University Press,1977.

[4] Andrew H.Plaks,The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel:Ssu Ta Ch’i-shu,Princeton University Press,1987.

[5] Andrew H.Plaks,The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel:Ssu Ta Ch’i-shu.参见[美]浦安迪:《明代小说四大奇书》,“序”,3页,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006。虽然此时他更注重历史的维度和中西文论双向阐释的视角,但仍受结构主义影响,试图为作为一种文学类型的“奇书”找出某些共有结构。

[6] Cyril Birch,“Foreword”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.xi.

[7] Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative Theory”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.310.

[8] 参见Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative Theory”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.311.浦安迪关于中西叙事和小说概念之关系的详细论述也可参见其《中国叙事学》。他认为,“奇书”和“Novel”是“可互涵”的文类,但二者毕竟是不同的概念。

[9] David L.Rolston,Traditional Chinese Fiction and Fiction Commentary,Stanford University,1997,pp.166-167.

[10] 例如,史亮引用了吴功正《小说美学》中的观点:“中国的现实主义在小说史上常常是以主潮的形态出现的。”他还引用了叶朗《中国小说美学》中的观点:“根据这一唯物论的原则,中国小说美学把真实性的要求放在第一位,强调小说要真实地再现人情世故。”参见吴功正:《小说美学》,76页,南京,江苏人民出版社,1985;叶朗:《中国小说美学》,273页,北京,北京大学出版社,1982。

[11] Marston Anderson,The Limits of Realism:Chinese Fiction in the Revolutionary Period,University of California Press,1990,p.24.

[12] Shi Liang,Reconstruction the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,p.16.

[13] 参见Shi Liang,Reconstruction the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,p.14.

[14] 参见Kenneth J.Dewoskin,“The Six Dynasties Chih-Kuai and the Birth of Fiction”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,p.51.

[15] 参见[美]浦安迪:《中国叙事学》,28页。

[16] 参见Andrew H.Plaks,“Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative”,Andrew H.Plaks(ed.),Chinese Narrative:Critical and Theoretical Essays,pp.309-316.

[17] [美]倪豪士:《传记与小说:唐代文学比较论集》,5页。

[18] 即美国汉学家柯润璞(James I.Crump)。

[19] [美]倪豪士:《传记与小说:唐代文学比较论集》,8页。

[20] Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality:the Chinese Poetics of Narrative,p.3.

[21] Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality:the Chinese Poetics of Narrative,p.40.

[22] 参见Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality:the Chinese Poetics of Narrative,pp.63-64.

[23] Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu,From Historicity to Fictionality:the Chinese Poetics of Narrative,p.70.

[24] Shi Liang,Reconstruction the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,pp.40-41.

[25] Shi Liang,Reconstruction the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,pp.50-51.

[26] 参见[美]浦安迪:《浦安迪自选集》,120页,北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2011。

[27] Shi Liang,Reconstructing the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,p.90.

[28] 参见Shi Liang,Reconstructing the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,p.90.

[29] 参见Shi Liang,Reconstructing the Historical Discourse of Traditional Chinese Fiction,p.136.